Core damage progression in candu reactor beyonddesignbasis accidents. It combines features of the existing candu pressurised heavy water reactors phwr with features of lightwater cooled pressurized water reactors pwr. The lifetime capacity factor cf is the total gross generation tgg figure divided by the capacity cf divided by the total number of hours hrs from the time of first synchronization to that time, multiplied by 100. The buckling of the driver core is obtained by flux mapping. Candu nuclear power stations have consistently proven to be competitive with other types of nuclear power plants, while offering unique advantages to their operators. Each fuel channel contains 12 or small fuel bundles, each of which is 50 cm long and 10 cm in diameter, and weighs about 24 kg. The acronym refers to its deuterium oxide heavy water moderator and its use of originally, natural uranium fuel. A list of existing candu and pressurised heavy water reactors phwrs is given in table i. Nuclear reactors are used as research tools, as systems for producing radioactive isotope s, and most prominently as energy sources for nuclear power plants.
This chapter discusses the historical beginnings and evolution of the candu reactor. Chapter 2 genealogy of candu reactors prepared by dr. Allow the content to bleed off the trim area through pdf page boxes. Some of the design features and unique characteristics of the candu reactor are. Candu reactors are designed to be refueled without being shut down. Candu nuclear street nuclear power plant news, jobs. In fission, part of the mass of the original uranium nucleus is converted to energy. The fission heat produced in the fuel is transferred to heavy water coolant flowing through the fuel channels. Chaplin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss pressurized heavy water reactors r. Nuclear reactor types many different reactor systems have been proposed and some of these have been developed to prototype and commercial scale. A candu reactor requires, in total, between 460 and 592 metric tonnes 1 tonne kg of heavy water, a little more than half of this in the moderator and the rest in the pressurized coolant for example, a candu 6 reactor uses 265 metric tonnes in its moderator and 192 metric tonnes in its coolant. The development of the first candu reactor began in 1954 through a partnership between atomic energy of canada ltd. In the manual selection mode, the user specifies in input to the program.
Candu6 fuel optimization for advanced cycles sciencedirect. It enables those new to candu to learn about candu as an overall system and to pursue specialized topics in depth. Technical characteristics of the candu reactor dan galeriu and anca melintescu national institute for nuclear physics and engineering, romania. Nuclear energy makes a significant contribution to the total electricity in canada. Fission is the process of splitting atoms of natural uranium inside the reactor, releasing radiation and heat. The basic parts of a nuclear reactor are the core, a moderator, control rods, a coolant, and shielding. The candu reactor has a modular core, made up of fuel channels. Pdf thermalhydraulic aspects of progression to severe. Candus have a number of serious technical, and safety problems, as well as the unique environmental problem of tritium emissions. If the setpoint is the desired reactor power output, then the control system adjusts the steam flow to the turbine by changing the opening of the governor valve, thereby altering the generators output, and the control system is said to be in reactor leading mode. Candu fuel and reactor specifics nuclear tourist candu fuel rods and bundles. Moderator inlet and outlet tubes direct the moderator through the calandria, then to the external heat exchanger for cooling. The first candu 6 plants went into service in the early 1980s as leadingedge technology, and the design has continuously evolved since to. Jul 05, 20 the heavy water reactor produces more fissile plutonium then the light water reactor.
The candu canada deuterium uranium reactor is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr designed and built by canadian nuclear laboratories since the 1950s. Chaplin department of chemical engineering, university of new brunswick, canada keywords. The heavy water reactor produces more fissile plutonium then the light water reactor. Heavy water reactors hwrs use heavy water d20 deuterium as opposed to hydrogen as both a moderator, and in many cases a coolant also. Neutron migration area reactor size affects the spatial stability of power generation in any fission reactor.
Design and construction of canadian advanced phwrs dr. Nuclear power plant systems and operation candu owners group. Technical characteristics of the candu reactor introduction. In a nuclear reactor, the heat is the product of nuclear fission. A candu nuclear reactor is a horizontal pressure tube fission power reactor developed by atomic energy of canada limited aecl to meet canadian energy production needs and circumstances. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear. The quality standard that atomic energy of canada ltd. Canada has exported candu reactors to argentina, china, india, pakistan, romania, and south korea. Nuclear reactor, any of a class of devices that can initiate and control a selfsustaining series of nuclear fission s. The candu is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr using heavy water deuterium as both a moderator and coolant. The candu canada deuterium uranium reactor is a pressurized heavy water reactor of canadian design. Pdf the progression of events that develop into an accident with severe fuel or core. Important thorium reactor configurations include molten salt, candu, and triso. All canadian nuclear reactors are of the candu type but the.
The candu canada deuterium uranium is a canadian pressurized heavywater reactor design used to generate electric power. It is needed to run our industry, our businesses and our homes, and it is critical for our transportation requirements. To these features may be added a fourth, onpower refuelling. Sartrex has twenty years experience in producing the candu safety shutdown system. The candu reactor consists of the horizontal cylinder called the calandria. Nuclear fission and types of water in steam separators positioned above the core, nuclear reactor like all other thermal power plants, nuclear reactors work by generating heat, which boils water to produce steam to drive the turbogenerators. All nuclear power plants in canada use the candu design a safe, reliable, reactor technology. Candu 6 reactors have systems to identify and locate defective fuel. It is needed to run our industry, our businesses and our homes, and it. Sartrex fully satisfies these requirements with the aid of its quality assurance team and strict quality policy.
Assessment and management of ageing of major nuclear. The heat transport system hts circulates the coolant through the reactor to remove the heat of fission from the fuel. Reasons for the choice of key parameters are given. The gentilly2 candu 6 reactor is owned and operated by hydroquebec. The energy produced per single fission is 200 mev 3. The term heavy water reactor is a catch all term as it includes a broad range of reactor designs running from the rmbk right the way over to. Week 2 dynamic characteristics of candu reactors 510 h.
There are various options for the driver fuel in addition to seu, such as. Candu plant computer systems the first candu reactor pickering a, unit 1, began commercial operation in 1971 at ontario hydros pickering a reactor site, just east of toronto. The original basis for existing candu designs was many years old, and all water reactors were under increasing competi tive market pressures from combined cycle gas turbines, with the need to. Assessment and management of ageing of major nuclear power. Candu reactor is a type of nuclear reactor which was developed in canada, and is currently used in nuclear power plants for electrical generation in various countries around the world. The candu reactor utilizes a pressure tube concept with heavy water moderator and coolant, natural uranium fuel and onpower refueling.
Atomic energy of canada limited aecl developed the candu reactor technology starting in the 1950s. Converter reactors with a thermal neutron spectrum. Risks of the candu reactor design introduction the candu canada deuterium uranium reactor is a pressurized heavy water reactor of canadian design. Introduction to reactor physics candu owners group. Canadas first nuclear power reactor, called nuclear power demonstration, with a net capacity of 22 electrical megawatts, was started up in 1962. Convert html to pdf, html to pdf converter pdfreactor. Figure 11 illustrates how candu reactors produce electricity. The candu reactor was designed by atomic energy canada limited as an alternative to other reactor designs which use slightly enriched uranium 25% u235.
Candu reactors produce electricity through a process known as fission. Profiling the potential for hydrogen fuel reliable, clean and affordable energy is key to human progress and to attaining a better quality of life for all people. Candu reactor article about candu reactor by the free. Pressurized heavy water d2o coolant is circulated through the fuel channels and steam generators in a closed circuit. Candu 6 is our 700 mwe class nuclear power reactor. Pdf 1 introduction this paper outlines the continuous evolution of the candu reactor and the premise and promise of the candu design. Candu stands for canada deuterium uranium, which reflects the key role of deuterium, or heavy water, which acts as.
Pressurized heavy water reactors, candu reactors, reactor core, fuel elements. Six types of reactor magnox, agr, pwr, bwr, candu and rbmk have emerged as the designs used to produce commercial electricity around the world. Developer designer builder of the candu nuclear power reactor. Part 5 heavy water and candu reactors daryanenergyblog. Candu reactors were first developed in the late 1950s and 1960s by a partnership between atomic energy. This project is part of bruce powers life extension program, which will allow bruce powers candu units to continue to operate safely through to 2064, the 23 days ago save job more. Candu inspection cnsc online canadian nuclear safety. The four candu 6 units have each achieved high reliability figures, even after years of operation. All nuclear power plants in canada are powered by candu reactors. Candu, short for canada deuterium uranium, is a nuclear reactor that uses heavy water as a moderator and coolant and natural uranium as a fuel source. That way pdfreactor ensures you to convert html pages to pdf and achieve impeccable printing results.
Its a canadiandesigned power reactor of phwr type pressurized heavy water reactor that uses heavy water deuterium oxide for moderator and coolant, and natural uranium for fuel. This study is based on the 675 mwe candu reactor operated at the gentilly2 power station in. Nuclear power plant safety systems canadian nuclear safety. For this purpose, many driver fuel candidates are considered. The name candu reactor is short for canadian deuterium uranium reactor. The research and prototype reactors leading to the candu design are described with some of their principle technical parameters. Pressurised heavy water reactor phwr technology conceptual development making a power reactor with natural uraniumbest fissile utilisation per ton of mined uranium heavy water moderator channel type reactor continuous bidirectional fuelling versatility for use of different fuel cycle 6 natural uranium. Abundant thorium as an alternative nuclear fuel mit. Candu stands for canadian deuterium uranium reactor playing on the north american boast of capability, can do. Candu graphics is a provider of document printing in the southern california area. Pwr reactor pressure vessels 10, pwr reactor vessel internals 11 and metal components of bwr containment systems 12.
Nuclear fuel is material used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines. Kuran vp, advanced fuel candu reactor workshop on advanced reactors, neaoecd paris, france, april 2017. Candu heavy water reactors use natural uranium, of which 0. Many folks are concerned that plutonium is a direct bomb making isotope whereas uranium must be enriched to almost 90% u235, which is a much more complex process. Candu has always had a lot of heavy water in the calandria. Printer cart adm nde reinspection heads afcis aecl fuel channel inspection system adm. Canadian utilities are no longer building candu reactors because of their high cost and poor performance. Candu is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr that uses heavy water deuterium oxide d2o as a moderator and coolant, and natural uranium as its fuel. December 31, 1969 every nuclear reactor is a disaster waiting to happen and candu reactors are no exception. This reflector also has an important effect on reactor dynamics because of its very long diffusion length. Van drunen aecl reactor services meeting with the usnrc and cnsc 2002 december. The candu reactor core is a horizontal cylinder known as a calandria.
In 1973, the pickering a nuclear generating station equipped with four candu reactors, produced more electricity than any nuclear power station in the world at that. This is several orders of magnitude greater than the energy produced by combustion. Candu graphics local print service shop in westlake. The temelin nuclear power plant, south bohemia, czech republic. Candu fuel cycle advantages operational reactors nue candu reactor inherent safety features new build reactors afcr future with water coolant dr. Candu fundamentals ii 3 radioactivity spontaneous nuclear processes 19. As the writer recalls from discussions with the aecl nuclear power plant division designers in late 1958, a number of alternative ecc system arrangements were. The average length of experience for our employees, in the printing industry, is over 15 years.
The candu canada deuterium uranium is a canadian pressurized heavy water reactor. The candu reactor is the most versatile commercial power reactor in the world. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear reactor chelsea liekhusschmaltz february 26, 20 submitted as coursework for ph241, stanford university, winter 20. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear reactor. Candu canada deuteriumuranium key candu characteristics pressure tubes containing fuel bundles located in cylindrical, low pressure moderator tank or calandria heavy water moderated natural uranium candus are heavy water cooled advanced candu reactor acr is light water cooled 43 units based on the candu. All canadian nuclear reactors are of the candu type but the reactor has also been marketed abroad until october 2011 aecl marketed and. Candu reactors were first developed in the late 1950s and 1960s by a partnership between atomic energy of canada limited aecl. The combination of the staff from copypage and the new staff for candu graphics enables our company to offer superior service for any print project. The candu allows more local input in nations that do not have the capability to cast a pressure vessel. The two candu reactor models developed for the origen2 computer code are fueled. Its construction began in 1974, it went into service in 1983, and was safely shut down in 2012.
1663 764 433 1453 499 880 1293 723 1313 633 739 100 106 424 873 700 364 757 662 56 469 1015 1635 1079 303 1112 879 1317 53 1061 1373 691 464 98 1197 694